![\"\"](\"https:\/\/designrepository.design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Surgery_Damascus-scaled.jpeg\")
<\/p>\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 – \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 – \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647. \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064a\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0651 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0651 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064d \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0646.<\/p>\n
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\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0651\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 “\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 -hyphenation”\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0623\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651. (\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651).(\u0661)<\/p>\n
\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b:
\n(1) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 (\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629).
\n(2) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0652\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f.
\n(3) \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634.<\/p>\n
\u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
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“\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644”\u060c -\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651-\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644. \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644” \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647\u060c 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\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 Linotype \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651 (1911)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 Monotype \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 (1939)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0651\u060c 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\n(1) \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a.
\n(2) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f.
\n\u0623\u0648 ( 3) \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 – \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/designrepository.design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/00000340_detail.jpeg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644) \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629. \u0645\u0646 <\/span><\/span>\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647<\/span>\u060c<\/span> \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627: <\/span>Typographia Medicea, 1591, 137\u060c \u0661\u0665\u0669\u0661\u060c \u0661\u0663\u0667\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c 255499-D<\/span>
\nhttp:\/\/data.onb.ac.at\/rec\/AC09709138<\/a><\/span><\/h5>\n\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644: \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/designrepository.design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Olympia_typewriter_tatweel-scaled.jpeg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 Olympia SM-8. \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628.<\/span><\/h5>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/designrepository.design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Olympia_typewriter_tatweel-1.jpeg\")
<\/a><\/p>\n\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 Olympia SM-8\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628.<\/span><\/h5>\n
![](\"https:\/\/designrepository.design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Al-Ahram-typesetting-switch-November-1968-2.gif\")
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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/designrepository.design\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Heh-Tatweel.png\")
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\n\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n
\n\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n
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